Social Media Means
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How does social media affect females?

For example, one study10 found that increased use of social media was associated with poor sleep, online harassment, low self-esteem, and negative body image, which were then all associated with depressive symptoms, especially for girls.

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Children grow up in an environment that's saturated with media. Research shows that as of 2020, girls between birth and age 8 take in approximately two hours of screen media a day, with a majority of that time spent with videos, especially on YouTube. And screen time only gets longer as children get older. In 2021, tween girls spent an average of almost five hours using screens for entertainment per day while teen girls spent about eight hours per day. All this time with screen media can have an impact on children, educating them in direct and indirect ways about cultural norms and values. Due to the limited ways girls and women are often depicted in media, including TV, movies, and social media, girls' understanding of who and what they can be is constrained and their mental health can be negatively impacted This article will explore what psychological research says about the ways media consumption impacts girls and will provide suggestions that parents, teachers, therapists, and concerned citizens can use to help girls develop healthier media habits.

Girls Learn About Gender Roles Through Media

Before they're able to talk, children are able to distinguish between men and women. Studies have shown that children as young as six months can discern men's voices from women's voices and that they can do the same for photographs of men and women at nine months. Between 11 and 14 months, children develop the ability to associate the two, matching men's voices with photos of men and women's voices with photos of women. Thus, children develop an understanding of gender categories from a very early age. Moreover, researchhas demonstrated that children pay more attention to, better remember, and more successfully engage in activities or play with toys that they are told, directly or indirectly, are for their gender. By extension, the gender representations in media may be an especially important source of learning about gender roles starting in early childhood. As a result, the biases baked into the representation of girls and women in media can be problematic.

Media Still Perpetuates Traditional Gender Roles

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While the general public is increasingly aware of the way messages that reinforce traditional gender roles can limit peoples' choices, children's media, a major provider of these messages, still tends to promote stereotypical gender roles. Some progress has been made, with a recent analysis of popular children's programs finding that a majority of episodes positively represent female characters. However, those same programs are twice as likely to feature a male character in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) professions than a female character and are three times as likely to show female characters in revealing clothing or partially naked. In general, media messages suggest that being a boy or man is more valuable than being a girl or woman. Moreover, greater media exposure is related to greater beliefs in gender stereotypes, including more traditional attitudes regarding behaviors, sexual and romantic relationships, and occupational roles. Body Dissatisfaction as an Effect Furthermore, girls as young as 5 start to experience increased body dissatisfaction if they are exposed to TV that focuses on appearances, and by the time they are adolescents, children have often internalized what media says about what boys and girls should look like. For girls, this can lead to self-objectification, or believing their appearance matters more than other internal qualities. This is related to lower body esteem, body shame, anxiety, and depression. The stereotypical depictions of gender in media have real consequences for both genders. For example, exposure to traditional gender representations influences girls' perceptions of their current interests and future possibilities, which has the potential to prevent them from pursuing fulfilling careers, especially in STEM fields. Plus, media stereotypes about girls' appearance and sexualization can lead to negative body image and mental health concerns, including depression. By the time they are teenagers, girls feel less confident, brave, and listened to than boys, an issue that seems to stem at least in part from the lack of strong, relatable female role models in TV and film. When girls and women are exposed to strong female role models the results are enormously positive. For example, one study found that over half of its women participants were inspired by female film and TV role models to be more assertive and ambitious. Meanwhile, children's TV series Doc McStuffins, which focuses on a girl who fixes up toys in her play clinic, has resulted in more girls saying they aspire to be doctors or pursue careers in STEM.

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Why Does Social Media Impact Girls' Mental Health?

Today, videos consumed via TV, movies, and online platforms like YouTube aren't the only media impacting girls' mental health. For example, one study found that increased use of social media was associated with poor sleep, online harassment, low self-esteem, and negative body image, which were then all associated with depressive symptoms, especially for girls. Similarly, another study found a consistent link for girls between social media use and mental health issues including poor self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and lower life satisfaction. This link was found to be stronger than that shown between mental health concerns and binge drinking, sexual assault, early sexual activity, and being suspended from school.

Social Media Use Causes Stress and Social Comparison

Part of the reason for this is the nature of social media, which involves interactions through text and images that can be curated and crafted specifically for others' consumption. As a result, things like the number of likes one receives can be a source of stress. In addition, social media promotes social comparison, where people compare and contrast themselves to others on the platforms, often with negative results. The negative consequences of social media use on girls have led scholars to suggest that the increase in suicide rates from 1999 through 2014 among girls between the ages of 10 and 14 could be the result of greater social media use.

How Can Parents and Others Help Girls Form Healthy Media Habits?

Girls shouldn't be prevented from consuming media completely. Instead, parents, teachers, therapists, and other people can help girls build healthy media habits.

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