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What animal can change gender?

Many species of fish, like the kobudai, are known as “sequential hermaphrodites”: they can switch sex permanently at a specific point in their lives. The majority of “sequential hermaphrodites” are known as “protogynous” (Greek for “female first”): they switch from female to male.

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Millions of people saw a dramatic example of this in the first episode of Blue Planet II, in which a ten-year-old female kobudai (also known as an Asian sheepshead wrasse, Semicossyphus reticulatus) changes into a male. After many months, the transformed male emerges from its lair larger than before, bearing testes, a huge bulbous forehead, and an aggressive nature. Now even larger than the existing dominant male it had previously mated with when female, the new male defeats the aged alpha in a violent battle for dominance. The footage is remarkable – but the transformation is actually not terribly unusual. About two per cent of fish species display some kind of hermaphroditism: that’s 500 different species worldwide. Some like the kobudai change routinely from female to male. Others, like the clownfish, do the opposite, from male to female. Still others can switch back and forth depending on the circumstance, such as a variety of coral-dwelling gobies. And at least one species, the mangrove killifish, lives a fully hermaphroditic existence, self-fertilizing for their entire reproductive lives. …and if that wasn’t complicated enough: almost all fish have the capacity to switch sex at the embryonic stage if subjected to one or more of a number of environmental factors, including the acidity of the water, parasites, chemical pollutants, and temperature.

Why should fish range so widely in their gender bending capabilities?

“That is the £60 million question – if I had the answer I’d be in the world’s top journal Nature every week,” says Professor Charles Tyler, a reproductive physiologist at the University of Exeter who studies how environmental contaminants affect fish populations. The main reason for their extreme plasticity, he says, lies in the sheer number and diversity of species. “Think about it – fish have been around for 500 million years: today there are more than 26,000 described living species. Compare this to the roughly 200 million years that mammals have been around, and the fact that there’s less than 6,000 species of us,” he says. “There’s simply more diversity in fishes: thanks to evolutionary radiation, they are more widely adapted to a broad range of environmental niches. And where you get variation, you get diversity in all sorts of ways, including how they reproduce.”

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Do sharks have babies or lay eggs?

Do sharks lay eggs or give live birth? Sharks exhibit a great diversity in reproductive modes. There are oviparous (egg-laying) species and viviparous (live-bearing) species. Oviparous species lay eggs that develop and hatch outside the mother's body with no parental care after the eggs are laid.

Sharks have five different types of fins: pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, and caudal. These fins are rigid and supported by cartilaginous rods. The paired pectoral fins are located ventrally near the anterior (front) end of the shark. They are used primarily for lift as the shark swims. The paired pelvic fins located behind the pectoral fins are used for stabilization while the shark swims. The dorsal fin is the one that commonly appears skimming along the water’s surface. Sharks may have one or two dorsal fins that act to stabilize the shark during swimming. The second dorsal fin is usually smaller than the first dorsal fin and is located posteriorly (toward the tail) to the first larger dorsal. Stability is the main function of the anal fin for sharks that have one, other sharks may lack this fin. It is located on the ventral (bottom) side between the pelvic and caudal fins. The caudal fin is also called the tail fin. The upper half and the lower half of the shark’ tail are not equal in size with the upper portion usually the larger. This is especially pronounced in the thresher shark that has an upper tail lobe longer than the shark’s body. This fin is responsible for propelling the shark through the water as it swims.

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