Which diet lives the longest?

A Mediterranean diet remains one of the gold standards for living longer and more healthfully. This pattern is characterized by a high intake of fruits and vegetables; whole grains; pulses; healthful fats from nuts, olive oil, and avocado; and herbs and spices. It includes seafood a few times a week.

health.com - What to Eat to Help You Live Longer and Healthier

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Most people want to live a longer life. But the goal of longevity is also to live a better life, with improved mental and physical wellness and the ability to be active and independent. In my years as a registered dietitian, I've seen plenty of people in their 70s, 80s, and beyond who are healthier than folks half their age. While genetics do play a role, lifestyle is a more significant factor, and nutrition is a big piece of the puzzle. A 2016 review of the literature published in the journal Immunity & Ageing cites studies that suggest that 25% of one's longevity is determined by genetics—the rest is influenced by lifestyle. Here are five eating habits to adopt to increase your chances of extending your life and enjoying each year with vigor.

Eat Your Veggies and Fruit

I know you hear this one a lot, but eating more produce is truly one of the most important and impactful habits you can adopt. Unfortunately, most Americans are way off the mark. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only about one in 10 U.S. adults eats enough veggies and fruit. Just 10% hit the recommended two to three daily cups of veggies, and 12% reach the daily target of one-and-a-half to two cups of fruit. In addition to upping your nutrient intake, reaching those minimums may add years to your life. A 2017 meta-analysis published in the International Journal of Epidemiology found that a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of mortality from all causes, including heart disease and cancer. Aim for at least five servings a day. More is fine, but in some research, the risk of death did not reduce further beyond this amount.

How to Eat More Fruits and Veggies

Build in two cups of fruit and three cups of veggies daily, with one cup being about the size of a tennis ball. Some tips: Try getting into a routine of incorporating a cup of fruit into every breakfast, and a second as part of a daily snack. Incorporate one cup of veggies at lunch and two at dinner. Or combine them. A smoothie made with a handful of greens and a cup of frozen berries knocks out two. You can also add fresh fruit, like sliced apples or orange slices, to entrée salads and stir-fry recipes.

Go Nuts for Nuts and Nut Butters

Nuts are nutrition powerhouses. They provide healthful fat, plant protein, fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, and key minerals, like potassium and magnesium. It's no wonder they're linked to life extension. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), metabolic syndrome, aka insulin resistance syndrome, is a group of conditions that increase a person's risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. A 2020 randomized trial that was part of a larger study published in The Journal of Nutrition followed 5,800 men and women with metabolic syndrome for a year. Results suggest that as nut consumption increased, certain markers for metabolic syndrome decreased. These markers include waist circumference, triglyceride levels, systolic blood pressure, weight, and BMI. HDL, the good cholesterol, also increased in women involved in the study (but not the men).

How to Eat More Nuts

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An ounce of nuts is about a quarter cup, but two tablespoons of nut butter also counts as a serving. Whip nut butter into your smoothie, stir it into oatmeal, or use it as a dip for fresh fruit or celery. Add nuts to salads, cooked veggies, and stir-fry recipes, or eat them as is. Crushed nuts also make a great alternative to bread crumbs to coat fish or garnish dishes like mashed cauliflower or lentil soup. Baking with nut flours or using them in pancakes is another great way to up your intake.

Eat More Meat-Free Meals

Meatless Mondays have been a thing for years. That's fantastic, but for longevity, you should build plant-based meals into your eating routine more than one day a week. In a 2016 article in the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, researchers describe five areas in the world where people live the longest, healthiest lives. Deemed Blue Zones, these regions are found in very diverse areas, from Okinawa, Japan to Ikaria, Greece. One commonality they share is the consumption of primarily plant-based diets. Beans and lentils are cornerstones, and meat is eaten on average about five times per month in three- to four-ounce portions—about the size of a deck of cards. The only Blue Zone in the US is in Loma Linda, California, which has the highest concentration of Seventh Day Adventists. This population, known for their primarily plant-based diet, lives, on average, 10 years longer than their North American counterparts. For example, a 2013 study published in JAMA Internal Medicine looked at over 73,000 Seventh Day Adventist men and women and found that compared to omnivores, those who stuck with a vegetarian diet had a significantly lower overall mortality risk. This included vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians (who do eat dairy and eggs), and pesco-vegetarians (who do eat seafood). A 2019 follow-up study to the 2013 one, published in the Journal of Nutritional Science, found that compared to the diet of non-vegetarians, vegetarian diets were associated with significantly lower levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors. And in a 2022 study in PLOS Medicine, researchers looked at how food choices affect life expectancy. They determined that the largest gains in longevity could be made by "eating more legumes, whole grains and nuts, and less red and processed meat."

How to Eat Less Meat

To reap the benefits, swap the meat in meals for pulses, the umbrella term for beans, lentils, peas, and chickpeas. Opt for lentil or black bean soup on the side instead of adding chicken to a salad. Use black-eyed peas in a stir fry in place of meat, and snack on veggies with hummus instead of jerky. Explore ethnic restaurants in your area that offer pulse-based dishes, like Indian chickpea curry and Ethiopian lentil stew. When it comes to longevity, it's the overall eating pattern, rather than one food or food group, that's key. A Mediterranean diet remains one of the gold standards for living longer and more healthfully. This pattern is characterized by a high intake of fruits and vegetables; whole grains; pulses; healthful fats from nuts, olive oil, and avocado; and herbs and spices. It includes seafood a few times a week. The Mediterranean diet also includes moderate consumption of dairy, eggs, and wine and limits the intake of meat and sweets. One measure of longevity often cited in the research at the cellular level is telomere length. In a nutshell, telomeres are caps found at the ends of chromosomes that protect DNA. When they become too short, a cell becomes old or dysfunctional. This is why shorter telomeres are associated with a lower life expectancy and an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Research published in 2017 in the journal Oncotarget suggests that greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is linked to longevity through maintaining longer telomere length. The same study showed that for each one-point increment in the Mediterranean diet score (which measures adherence to the diet), the risk of death from any cause drops by 4 to 7%.

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How to Eat a Mediterranean Diet

To Mediterranean-ize your meals, replace butter with nut butter or avocado on toast and trade it for extra virgin olive oil to sauté vegetables. Snack on fresh fruit with nuts, olives, or roasted chickpeas, and keep meals simple. A balanced Med-diet dinner may consist of fish served over a bed of greens tossed in extra virgin olive oil with a side of roasted potatoes or quinoa and a glass of pinot noir.

Sip Green Tea

I like to refer to green tea as preventative medicine in a mug. Numerous studies have linked it to a lower risk of heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's, and obesity. In a 2022 review of the literature published in the journal Nutrients, researchers found that those with the highest green tea intake had lower rates of cardiovascular disease, as well as a lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke. And while it cannot be said definitively that drinking green tea will make you live longer, there does seem to be some association between longevity and green tea intake.

How to Drink More Green Tea

In addition to sipping, you can use green tea as the liquid in smoothies, oatmeal, or overnight oats, or to steam veggies or whole grain rice. It can also be incorporated into soups, stews, sauces, and marinades. Matcha, a powdered form of green tea, can also be used in beverages and recipes. Just be sure to cut off all caffeine at least six hours before bedtime so you won't disrupt your sleep length or quality.

A Quick Review

As far as what not to do, it's the usual suspects. Don't overeat or consume too much sugar, processed foods, meat, or alcohol. The good news is that the protective foods above can easily displace aging-inducing foods. Reach for an apple with almond butter in place of processed cookies, and replace soda with green tea. In other words, focus on what to eat, and you'll naturally curb your intake of foods to avoid. That's important because for longevity, consistency is key. A long-haul diet supports a long, healthy life! Cynthia Sass, MPH, RD, is Health's contributing nutrition editor, a New York Times best-selling author, and a nutrition consultant for the New York Yankees.

health.com - What to Eat to Help You Live Longer and Healthier

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